{"id":45111,"date":"2022-03-03T17:42:02","date_gmt":"2022-03-03T20:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/condorinst.com.br\/?p=45111"},"modified":"2026-08-24T12:11:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T15:11:32","slug":"como-o-sono-e-regulado","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/pt\/como-o-sono-e-regulado\/","title":{"rendered":"Como o Sono \u00e9 regulado?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os seres humanos passam em torno de 30% da vida dormindo e, por este motivo, o renomado pesquisador Allan Rechtschaffen escreveu que \u201cSe o sono n\u00e3o servir a nenhuma fun\u00e7\u00e3o vital, ent\u00e3o ele \u00e9 o maior erro que o processo evolutivo j\u00e1 cometeu\u201d. Neste aspecto, o sono \u00e9 um fen\u00f4meno ativo, revers\u00edvel e caracterizado por redu\u00e7\u00e3o da atividade de fun\u00e7\u00f5es vitais (<a href=\"#_ENREF_8\">SIEGEL, 2008<\/a>). \u00c9 diferenciado em dois est\u00e1gios principais: REM (<em>Rapid Eyes Movement) <\/em>e NREM (<em>Non-Rapid Eyes Movement)<\/em>. Al\u00e9m disso, o sono NREM se divide em 3 est\u00e1gios: N1, N2 e N3 (sono de ondas lentas). Ao longo da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, os seres humanos se adaptaram para permanecer em vig\u00edlia durante o ciclo claro e realizar o per\u00edodo de descanso durante o ciclo escuro. Este processo, denominado ciclo vig\u00edlia-sono, \u00e9 regulado por uma complexa circuitaria neural que est\u00e1 sob controle do n\u00facleo supraquiasm\u00e1tico (NSQ) localizado no hipot\u00e1lamo, sendo este considerado o rel\u00f3gio central do organismo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u00e1 30 anos, Borb\u00e9ly prop\u00f4s um modelo de regula\u00e7\u00e3o do sono atrav\u00e9s de dois processos: homeost\u00e1tico e circadiano (<a href=\"#_ENREF_2\">BORB\u00c9LY, 1982<\/a>; <a href=\"#_ENREF_3\">BORB\u00c9LY; DAAN; WIRZ\u2010JUSTICE; DEBOER, 2016<\/a>). Este modelo impactou fortemente diversas pesquisas relacionadas a sono e ritmos biol\u00f3gicos, e atualmente ainda permanece dominante para explicar como ocorre a regula\u00e7\u00e3o do sono. Portanto, este modelo ser\u00e1 utilizado neste artigo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/PROCESSOS-HOMEOSTATICO-E-CIRCADIANO.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45116\" width=\"494\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/PROCESSOS-HOMEOSTATICO-E-CIRCADIANO.png 1024w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/PROCESSOS-HOMEOSTATICO-E-CIRCADIANO-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/PROCESSOS-HOMEOSTATICO-E-CIRCADIANO-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Processo homeost\u00e1tico (S)<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The author describes that the homeostatic process refers to the accumulation of fatigue throughout the day. Thus, the greater the level of fatigue, the greater the propensity to sleep. In addition, slow wave sleep is the main characteristic of the S process during sleep, while theta wave activity is a marker of this process during wakefulness (<a href=\"#_ENREF_1\">BORB; ACHERMANN, 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Processo circadiano (C)<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por outro lado, o autor descreve que o processo circadiano se refere aos fatores n\u00e3o control\u00e1veis de forma volunt\u00e1ria, como a regula\u00e7\u00e3o end\u00f3gena e r\u00edtmica de fun\u00e7\u00f5es do organismo. Como exemplo, a oscila\u00e7\u00e3o dos valores da temperatura central ao longo do dia e a secre\u00e7\u00e3o de melatonina. Quando a curva do processo C atinge seu maior ponto, ocorre maior propens\u00e3o \u00e0 vig\u00edlia e, por outro lado, quando atinge seu menor ponto, ocorre maior propens\u00e3o ao sono.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como mencionado anteriormente, o ciclo vig\u00edlia-sono \u00e9 controlado pelo n\u00facleo supraquiasm\u00e1tico, que recebe a informa\u00e7\u00e3o luminosa atrav\u00e9s do trato retino-hipotal\u00e2mico. De forma resumida, esta regula\u00e7\u00e3o dentro do NSQ ocorre atrav\u00e9s dos genes CLOCK e BMAL1, e das prote\u00ednas PER e CRY. No n\u00facleo da c\u00e9lula, os genes CLOCK e BMAL1 estimulam a s\u00edntese das prote\u00ednas PER e CRY, que s\u00e3o direcionadas ao citoplasma e, ap\u00f3s serem fosforiladas, s\u00e3o enviadas de volta ao n\u00facleo. L\u00e1, estas prote\u00ednas inibir\u00e3o a a\u00e7\u00e3o do CLOCK e BMAL1 atrav\u00e9s de feedback negativo. Este looping dura aproximadamente 24 horas e estes genes s\u00e3o respons\u00e1veis pela regula\u00e7\u00e3o de todas as fun\u00e7\u00f5es org\u00e2nicas durante o ciclo claro-escuro (<a href=\"#_ENREF_7\">PEREIRA; TUFIK; PEDRAZZOLI, 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>Rela\u00e7\u00e3o bidirecional entre os processos C e S<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two processes are regulated independently, but are nonetheless complementary and directly related. Specifically, the greater the distance between the curves of the C and S processes, the greater the propensity to sleep. In other words, the greater propensity to sleep occurs when the level of fatigue is high (characterized by the S process) and the projection of signals for maintaining wakefulness is low (characterized by the C process). The figure below illustrates this relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/a-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/a-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/a-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/a-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/a-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> entre os processos homeost\u00e1tico e circadiano. Adaptado de (<a href=\"#_ENREF_6\">HARTMANN, 2015<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Estudos com priva\u00e7\u00e3o de sono evidenciam tanto os componentes circadianos como os componentes homeost\u00e1ticos (<a href=\"#_ENREF_5\">GOEL; BASNER; RAO; DINGES, 2013<\/a>). Nestes estudos, o desempenho cognitivo, caracterizado pelo tempo de rea\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o aumenta de forma linear conforme a priva\u00e7\u00e3o de sono avan\u00e7a. Em vez disso, ocorrem melhorias e preju\u00edzos ao longo do dia, decorrente da influ\u00eancia dos fatores circadianos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es do modelo<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nossa sociedade transformou a rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o trabalho ap\u00f3s o advento da energia el\u00e9trica. Assim, vivemos hoje em uma sociedade que funciona 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana (denominada sociedade 24\/7) e que, em ordem de ser capaz de realizar todas obriga\u00e7\u00f5es e responsabilidades, disp\u00f5e de cada vez menos tempo para dormir e descansar. Neste aspecto, alguns indiv\u00edduos necessitam realizar suas atividades laborais durante o per\u00edodo escuro do dia quando, na verdade, deveriam dormir neste hor\u00e1rio. Assim, o desempenho tende a ser reduzido neste momento, bem como aumenta-se a probabilidade de ocorr\u00eancia de acidentes e desenvolvimento de doen\u00e7as (devido \u00e0 redu\u00e7\u00e3o das defesas imunol\u00f3gicas do organismo (<a href=\"#_ENREF_4\">FOLKARD; TUCKER, 2003<\/a>; <a href=\"#_ENREF_9\">SILVA; GUERREIRO; ANDRADE; STIELER<em> et al.<\/em>, 2020<\/a>). Portanto, estes trabalhadores est\u00e3o em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de risco elevado para acidentes e isto deve ser levado em considera\u00e7\u00e3o no momento de organizar a escala de trabalho, bem como a estrutura\u00e7\u00e3o de todo o ambiente (ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o, temperatura, alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de sa\u00fade acerca de dist\u00farbios de sono e h\u00e1bitos de vida).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por outro lado, desalinhamento semelhante \u00e9 experienciado por indiv\u00edduos que, ao viajar, atravessam mais de 3 fusos hor\u00e1rios. Os sintomas incluem redu\u00e7\u00e3o do desempenho cognitivo, dist\u00farbios gastrointestinais, sonol\u00eancia diurna excessiva, ins\u00f4nia e despertares noturnos. Isto ocorre devido ao desalinhamento entre o processo circadiano do local de origem e destino em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao processo homeost\u00e1tico, cuja adapta\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre a uma taxa de aproximadamente 1 dia para cada fuso atravessado (<a href=\"#_ENREF_10\">WATERHOUSE; REILLY; ATKINSON; EDWARDS, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><strong>Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do padr\u00e3o de sono<\/strong><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A actigrafia \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica n\u00e3o invasiva que pode ser utilizada para avaliar o padr\u00e3o de sono e do ritmo vig\u00edlia-sono. O act\u00edgrafo \u00e9 um dispositivo semelhante a um rel\u00f3gio de punho que cont\u00e9m sensores de luz, movimento e temperatura. Assim, atrav\u00e9s destas informa\u00e7\u00f5es, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel extrair dados a respeito de vari\u00e1veis como tempo total de sono, lat\u00eancia para in\u00edcio do sono, tempo acordado ap\u00f3s in\u00edcio do sono, efici\u00eancia de sono, tempo em vig\u00edlia e vari\u00e1veis relacionadas ao ritmo, como cosinor, espectograma, periodograma, e vari\u00e1veis n\u00e3o param\u00e9tricas como L5, M10, IS e IV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/pt\/contato\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/CONDOR-FOOTER-1-1024x427-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-34124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/CONDOR-FOOTER-1-1024x427-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/CONDOR-FOOTER-1-1024x427-1-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/CONDOR-FOOTER-1-1024x427-1-768x320.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/pt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3e41869c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/condor.fabbricaweb.com.br\/pt\/contato\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fale Conosco<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Human beings spend around 30% of their lives sleeping and, for this reason, the renowned researcher Allan Rechtschaffen wrote that &#8220;If sleep serves no vital function, then it is the biggest mistake the evolutionary process has ever made&#8221;. In this respect, sleep is an active, reversible phenomenon characterized by a reduction in the activity of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":45120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[11,10,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actigraphy","category-circadian-rhythm-and-health","category-sleep-and-health"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How is sleep regulated? - Condor Instruments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How is sleep regulated? - Condor Instruments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Human beings spend around 30% of their lives sleeping and, for this reason, the renowned researcher Allan Rechtschaffen wrote that &#8220;If sleep serves no vital function, then it is the biggest mistake the evolutionary process has ever made&#8221;. 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